Welcome to the Cyber-TA
SRI's Multiperspective Malware Infection Analysis Page


UNCENSORED PAGE


<Click here: to download BotHunter>

18 August 2009
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All data collection and analyses summarized in this page were 100% AUTO-GENERATED.

DEVELOPERS: Vinod Yegneswaran (SRI), Phillip Porras (SRI), Hassen Saidi (SRI)
Monirul Sharif (Georgia-Tech), Arvind Narayanan (University of Texas at Austin)

The data on this website is provided for research purposes only. It is provided
for your personal use only and is supplied AS IS, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.
Use or reliance on this data is at your own risk.


Daily Summary Files: [DNS Lookups & Failed Connects] [ Attacker IPs ] [C&C Servers] [Binary Digests]
Cumulative Summary Files: [DNS Lookup Log] [Attacker IP Log] [C&C Server Log] [Antivirus Detection] [Code Segment Overlap]
[Behavioral Clusters] [Binary Digest Log]

[See Country Codes ]
Time
Victim
OS
Infection
Source
C&C
Server
DNS Lookups &
Failed Connects
Infection
Port
Packet
Trace
Detection
Signatures
Infection
Chatter
BotHunter
Analysis
Behavioral
Cluster
Forensic
Logs
Antivirus
Labels
Packed Malware_Binary Unpacked egg.exe
Unpacked egg.asm
Packer PEID
Data Strings
Syscall Trace
T:00:24:00 WinXP 122.229.191.118 (HZ.ZJ.CN):
CHINANET ZHEJIANG PROVINCE NETWORK,
BEIJING, BEIJING, CN.
n/a DE:siliconfireware.ru
US:searchportal.information.com
US:spi.domainsponsor.com
GB:new.egg.com
:wpad
US:spt.information.com
445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
http
http
http
44 lines
Yeah : 0.8
profile
none summary
tarball
29 of 29 a12cab51ef
NEW
none[0] none:none
ASPack| lines=281
embedded dns
trace
T:00:50:00 Win2K-f 68.151.119.176 (SHAWCABLE.NET):
SHAW COMMUNICATIONS INC,
CALGARY, ALBERTA, CA. (DSL)
n/a   135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
1008 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
31 of 41 682a384fe9
NEW
none[3] none:none
none|none none trace
T:01:23:00 WinXP 121.121.142.16 (MAXIS.NET.MY):
MAXIS COMMUNICATIONS BHD,
MY.
213.219.245.212:80 RU:citi-bank.ru 445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
2 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
35 of 35 9716d7995a
NEW
c3a5354b6f [0] none:none
PolyEnE| none trace
T:01:41:00 Win2K-f 124.241.172.79 (STARCAT.NE.JP):
KMN CORPORATION,
NAGOYA, AICHI, JP.
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
75 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
33 of 33
0 of 32
53bfe15e91
NEW
73f1082158
NEW
1473091351 [0]
none [0]
ASM:Graph
none:none
tElock|
Armadillo|
lines=75
embedded dns
lines=90
trace
trace
T:02:57:00 WinXP 94.251.204.203 (-):
.
213.219.245.212:80 **:proxim.ircgalaxy.pl
RU:citi-bank.ru
445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
2 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
34 of 36 9bb68450cd
NEW
c2d5ac2315 [0] ASM:Graph
PolyEnE| lines=73
embedded dns
trace
04:26:00 Win2K-f 85.50.242.213 (DYNAMIC.ORANGE.ES):
ADDRESSES IP FOR HOME CLIENTS,
ES.
n/a US:www.getmyip.org
US:checkip.dyndns.org
US:75.126.138.202:80
445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
1 line
Argh : 0.3
profile
none summary
tarball
none none none none none none none
T:05:21:00 WinXP 61.151.10.208 (163DATA.COM.CN):
CHINANET SHANGHAI PROVINCE NETWORK,
SHANGHAI, SHANGHAI, CN. (DIAL)
n/a   135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
18 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
none none none none none none none
T:05:52:00 WinXP 119.230.96.171 (-):
.
n/a   445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
shell
ftp
16 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
38 of 41 7b313206a2
NEW
0c866c8cce [0] none:none
none|none none trace
T:06:03:00 WinXP 66.72.68.15 (AMERITECH.NET):
AT&T INTERNET SERVICES,
BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA, US. (DIAL)
n/a :moscow-advokat.ru
:brussels.be.eu.undernet.org
SE:ced.dal.net
SE:broadway.ny.us.dal.net
HR:london.uk.eu.undernet.org
:gaspode.zanet.org.za
:caen.fr.eu.undernet.org
:los-angeles.ca.us.undernet.org
SE:vancouver.dal.net
:lulea.se.eu.undernet.org
445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
1 line
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
25 of 25 7f60162c2c
NEW
none[0] none:none
PolyEnE| lines=93
embedded dns
trace
T:06:15:00 WinXP 217.201.20.249 (-):
TELECOM ITALIA MOBILE,
PISA, TOSCANA, IT.
n/a :moscow-advokat.ru 445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
1 line
Yeah : 0.8
profile
none summary
tarball
40 of 41 f419a6c471
NEW
04cdb38e06 [0] none:none
PolyEnE| none trace
T:07:49:00 WinXP 68.150.191.172 (SHAWCABLE.NET):
SHAW COMMUNICATIONS INC,
SHERWOOD PARK, ALBERTA, CA. (DSL)
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
222 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
37 of 41
38 of 41
4180c19d91
NEW
b6e91e001c
NEW
9f3f2de385 [0]
d2275a6cf5[0]
none:none
none:none
Armadillo|
PolyEnE|
none
none
trace
trace
T:08:13:00 WinXP 221.225.39.48 (163DATA.COM.CN):
CHINANET JIANGSU PROVINCE NETWORK,
BEIJING, BEIJING, CN.
213.219.245.212:80 RU:citi-bank.ru 445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
2 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
40 of 41 119ec42aa0
NEW
fd3c61c261 [0] none:none
PolyEnE| none trace
T:09:00:00 WinXP 124.123.235.112 (-):
.
n/a RU:citi-bank.ru
RU:213.219.245.212:80
445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
2 lines
Yeah : 0.8
profile
none summary
tarball
35 of 35 9716d7995a
NEW
c3a5354b6f [0] none:none
PolyEnE| none trace
T:09:18:00 Win2K-f 41.206.136.137 (-):
VODAFONE EGYPT,
EG.
n/a CZ:qtas.net 445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
1 line
Yeah : 0.8
profile
none summary
tarball
18 of 41 eb29e2642a
NEW
953ac55191 [0] none:none
FSG| none trace
T:09:19:00 WinXP 67.150.102.251 (MDSG-PACWEST.COM):
PAC-WEST MANAGED MODEM NAS POOL,
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, US.
n/a   445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
0 lines
Yeah : 0.8
profile
none summary
tarball
none none none none none none none
T:09:22:00 WinXP 114.204.77.227 (-):
.
n/a **:proxim.ircgalaxy.pl
US:microsoft.com
135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
118 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
30 of 33
28 of 33
533d15b5ce
NEW
58c343a8d8
NEW
c67adf46e2 [0]
none [0]
ASM:Graph
none:none
tElock|
Armadillo|
lines=126
embedded dns
lines=91
trace
trace
T:09:24:00 Win2K-f 75.60.195.10 (SBCGLOBAL.NET):
PPPOX POOL - SE1.WOTNOH,
COLUMBUS, OHIO, US. (DSL)
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
75 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
33 of 33
0 of 33
53bfe15e91
NEW
a08f3b74a4
NEW
1473091351 [0]
none [0]
ASM:Graph
none:none
tElock|
Armadillo|
lines=75
embedded dns
lines=90
trace
trace
T:10:22:00 Win2K-f 208.103.158.63 (CORETEL.NET):
CORETEL AMERICA INC,
ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND, US.
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
109 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
33 of 33
0 of 32
53bfe15e91
NEW
73f1082158
NEW
1473091351 [0]
none [0]
ASM:Graph
none:none
tElock|
Armadillo|
lines=75
embedded dns
lines=90
trace
trace
T:10:23:00 WinXP 65.32.132.210 (RR.COM):
ROAD RUNNER HOLDCO LLC,
CLEARWATER, FLORIDA, US. (DSL)
n/a :gg.arrancar.org 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
187 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
40 of 41 f303a7d13b
NEW
7708089eac [0] none:none
none|none none trace
T:11:16:00 Win2K-f 130.13.39.23 (QWEST.NET):
QWEST BROADBAND SERVICES INC,
PHOENIX, ARIZONA, US.
n/a   445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
shell
ftp
16 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
36 of 41 894e794b2b
NEW
aeb41eb7b9 [0] none:none
Obsidium| none trace
T:11:36:00 WinXP 74.214.47.11 (METROCAST.NET):
GMP CABLE TV,
BERWICK, PENNSYLVANIA, US.
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
75 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
33 of 33
0 of 33
53bfe15e91
NEW
a08f3b74a4
NEW
1473091351 [0]
none [0]
ASM:Graph
none:none
tElock|
Armadillo|
lines=75
embedded dns
lines=90
trace
trace
T:12:07:00 Win2K-f 4.165.105.26 (LEVEL3.NET):
LEVEL 3 COMMUNICATIONS INC,
DETROIT, MICHIGAN, US. (DIAL)
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
194 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
36 of 41
39 of 41
932dbb4b69
NEW
f6e5daee26
NEW
dd4d9c7adf [0]
413c524714[0]
none:none
none:none
Armadillo|
tElock|
none
none
trace
trace
T:12:37:00 WinXP 77.54.133.235 (REV.VODAFONE.PT):
VODAFONE TELECEL COMUNICACOES PESSOAIS SA,
PT.
n/a RU:citi-bank.ru 445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
1 line
Yeah : 0.8
profile
none summary
tarball
32 of 32 21cc05003b
NEW
6776bccc2d [0] none:none
PolyEnE| none trace
T:12:45:00 Win2K-f 116.86.228.116 (MAXONLINE.COM.SG):
STARHUB CABLE VISION LTD,
SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE, SG.
n/a   135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
186 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
39 of 41 11e183286c
NEW
8a7d445a4a [0] none:none
none|none none trace
T:12:58:00 Win2K-f 4.237.235.40 (LEVEL3.NET):
LEVEL 3 COMMUNICATIONS INC,
NEW YORK, NEW YORK, US. (DIAL)
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
75 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
33 of 33
0 of 32
53bfe15e91
NEW
73f1082158
NEW
1473091351 [0]
none [0]
ASM:Graph
none:none
tElock|
Armadillo|
lines=75
embedded dns
lines=90
trace
trace
T:13:49:00 WinXP 99.51.89.174 (-):
.
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
76 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
33 of 33
0 of 33
53bfe15e91
NEW
a08f3b74a4
NEW
1473091351 [0]
none [0]
ASM:Graph
none:none
tElock|
Armadillo|
lines=75
embedded dns
lines=90
trace
trace
T:15:05:00 WinXP 4.176.108.148 (LEVEL3.NET):
LEVEL 3 COMMUNICATIONS INC,
TUCSON, ARIZONA, US. (DIAL)
n/a   135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
154 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
25 of 41 e7f442bf6b
NEW
1cbd3d66e4 [0] none:none
Armadillo| none trace
T:15:11:00 Win2K-f 208.105.110.232 (-):
.
n/a   135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
395 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
27 of 41 de2a8e3f8e
NEW
032d753367 [0] none:none
PENinja S| none trace
T:15:42:00 Win2K-f 194.126.184.69 (XCLUSIV.RO):
SC EXCLUSIV NETWORK SRL,
RO.
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
78 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
33 of 33
0 of 33
53bfe15e91
NEW
a08f3b74a4
NEW
1473091351 [0]
none [0]
ASM:Graph
none:none
tElock|
Armadillo|
lines=75
embedded dns
lines=90
trace
trace
T:15:44:00 WinXP 66.53.120.26 (MDSG-PACWEST.COM):
PAC-WEST MANAGED MODEM NAS POOL,
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, US.
213.219.245.212:80 RU:citi-bank.ru 445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
2 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
39 of 41 ddf5c2da76
NEW
0778330e58 [0] none:none
PolyEnE| none trace
T:16:00:00 WinXP 4.191.64.85 (LEVEL3.NET):
LEVEL 3 COMMUNICATIONS INC,
SALEM, OREGON, US. (DIAL)
n/a   135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
18 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
none none none none none none none
T:16:14:00 WinXP 173.171.242.179 (-):
.
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
75 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
33 of 33
0 of 33
53bfe15e91
NEW
a08f3b74a4
NEW
1473091351 [0]
none [0]
ASM:Graph
none:none
tElock|
Armadillo|
lines=75
embedded dns
lines=90
trace
trace
T:16:17:00 Win2K-f 173.28.212.53 (-):
.
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
110 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
36 of 41
38 of 40
067917e07b
NEW
d764c1dcb2
NEW
dae35b319c [0]
3d2bc60c5d[0]
none:none
none:none
Armadillo|
tElock|
none
none
trace
trace
T:16:53:00 WinXP 69.85.109.148 (ELLIJAY.COM):
ELLIJAY COMMUNITY TELEVISION,
BLUE RIDGE, GEORGIA, US.
213.219.245.212:80 RU:citi-bank.ru 445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
2 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
35 of 35 9716d7995a
NEW
c3a5354b6f [0] none:none
PolyEnE| none trace
T:17:14:00 WinXP 121.84.26.212 (EONET.NE.JP):
K-OPTICOM CORPORATION,
JP.
n/a   445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
shell
ftp
13 lines
Yeah : 0.8
profile
none summary
tarball
38 of 41 7b313206a2
NEW
0c866c8cce [0] none:none
none|none none trace
T:17:21:00 WinXP 69.85.112.63 (SPEAKEASY.NET):
US.
213.219.245.212:80 RU:citi-bank.ru 445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
2 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
35 of 35 9716d7995a
NEW
c3a5354b6f [0] none:none
PolyEnE| none trace
T:17:25:00 WinXP 75.177.22.1 (RR.COM):
ROAD RUNNER HOLDCO LLC,
GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA, US.
213.219.245.212:80 RU:citi-bank.ru 445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
2 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
26 of 28 7d99b0e910
NEW
none[0] none:none
PolyEnE| lines=68 trace
T:17:32:00 WinXP 76.166.147.194 (RR.COM):
ROAD RUNNER HOLDCO LLC,
LANCASTER, CALIFORNIA, US.
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
60 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
33 of 33
8 of 33
53bfe15e91
NEW
b7082104e4
NEW
1473091351 [0]
c5b49e7b82[0]
ASM:Graph
ASM:Graph
tElock|
tElock|
lines=75
embedded dns
lines=41
trace
trace
T:17:33:00 WinXP 206.169.143.219 (-):
TIME WARNER TELECOM INC,
ZIHUATANEJO, GUERRERO, MX.
n/a **:sys.zief.pl
RU:citi-bank.ru
**:core.ircgalaxy.pl
RU:213.219.245.212:80
445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
1 line
Yeah : 0.8
profile
none summary
tarball
30 of 41 78c5ae9bf8
NEW
e4d8d9e239 [0] none:none
PolyEnE| none trace
T:17:54:00 WinXP 201.17.190.87 (STERLINGSTUDENTS.NET):
COMITE GESTOR DA INTERNET NO BRASIL,
BR. (DSL)
n/a FR:2ch.pass.as 445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
shell
ftp
irc
24 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
none none none none none none none
T:18:53:00 WinXP 124.241.188.252 (STARCAT.NE.JP):
KMN CORPORATION,
NAGOYA, AICHI, JP.
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
110 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
38 of 41
37 of 41
c7bb39ee2c
NEW
f49bcb46ba
NEW
07462a9c7b [0]
ab0f851c9d[0]
none:none
none:none
tElock|
Armadillo|
none
none
trace
trace
T:19:05:00 WinXP 66.25.226.225 (RR.COM):
ROAD RUNNER HOLDCO LLC,
BEAUMONT, TEXAS, US.
213.219.245.212:80 RU:citi-bank.ru 445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
2 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
32 of 32 b502f83a7c
NEW
28f5be93b0 [0] none:none
PolyEnE| none trace
T:19:25:00 WinXP 114.32.140.186 (-):
.
221.5.74.40:65520 216.245.213.194:80 **:proxim.ircgalaxy.pl
CN:dretis.cn
CN:kritq.cn
:onuka.cn
:mxs.mail.ru
US:alt4.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com
US:in1.smtp.messagingengine.com
US:mail7.digitalwaves.co.nz
116.253.108.156:3128
116.73.165.164:3128
117.102.113.3:3128
118.32.40.198:3128
KR:122.38.120.237:3128
189.35.186.54:3128
189.47.200.60:3128
BR:189.5.45.211:3128
IN:210.212.126.177:3128
KR:211.192.165.158:3128
CN:220.232.119.42:3128
CN:221.1.58.70:3128
CN:61.48.166.207:3128
EU:78.56.104.206:3128
445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
shell
ftp
irc
http
http
http
32 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
22 of 40
7 of 41
38 of 40
26 of 41
034ee7001c
NEW
5354e986cd
NEW
7bc8d57d8c
NEW
9b132706e1
NEW
cf02cac654 [0]
55eb7e6494[0]
be025ab204[0]
ad6c626eb7[0]
none:none
none:none
none:none
none:none
Armadillo|
PENinja|
none|none
ASPack|
none
none
none
none
trace
trace
trace
trace
T:19:35:00 WinXP 218.110.93.94 (SO-NET.NE.JP):
SO-NET SERVICE,
TOKYO, TOKYO, JP.
221.5.74.40:65520 216.245.213.194:80 CN:dretis.cn
CN:kritq.cn
:onuka.cn
:mxs.mail.ru
US:alt4.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com
US:in1.smtp.messagingengine.com
US:mail7.digitalwaves.co.nz
112.201.114.101:3128
119.64.234.88:3128
KR:121.165.105.73:3128
KR:125.183.117.132:3128
189.98.77.200:3128
BR:201.47.132.232:3128
BR:201.51.192.175:3128
CA:204.112.150.218:3128
US:209.85.222.58:25
KR:211.113.227.194:3128
KR:211.246.229.189:3128
KR:218.158.67.21:3128
CN:220.232.119.42:3128
CN:221.209.144.110:3128
HK:222.167.56.46:3128
HK:61.92.228.138:3128
99.243.248.160:3128
445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
irc
http
11 lines
Yeah : 0.8
profile
none summary
tarball
26 of 41
22 of 41
7 of 41
1086afeef2
NEW
4b628dcac2
NEW
5354e986cd
NEW
ad6c626eb7 [0]
35602d43b9[0]
55eb7e6494[0]
none:none
none:none
none:none
ASPack|
Armadillo|
PENinja|
none
none
none
trace
trace
trace
T:20:25:00 WinXP 98.141.9.117 (-):
.
n/a   135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
18 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
none none none none none none none
T:20:34:00 Win2K-f 203.91.179.36 (STARCAT.NE.JP):
KMN CORPORATION,
NAGOYA, AICHI, JP.
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
75 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
33 of 33
0 of 33
53bfe15e91
NEW
a08f3b74a4
NEW
1473091351 [0]
none [0]
ASM:Graph
none:none
tElock|
Armadillo|
lines=75
embedded dns
lines=90
trace
trace
T:21:01:00 WinXP 203.67.43.157 (SEED.NET.TW):
DIGITAL UNITED INC,
TAIPEI, T'AI-PEI, TW. (DSL)
n/a **:proxim.ircgalaxy.pl
RU:citi-bank.ru
RU:213.219.245.212:80
445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
http
1 line
Yeah : 0.8
profile
none summary
tarball
40 of 41 e7e8223291
NEW
f58555b68a [0] none:none
PolyEnE| none trace
T:22:48:00 WinXP 71.130.22.21 (PACBELL.NET):
WILLIAM MARTINEZ DBA,
PLANO, TEXAS, US. (DSL)
n/a US:microsoft.com 135 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
75 lines
Yeah : 1.3
profile
none summary
tarball
33 of 33
0 of 33
53bfe15e91
NEW
a08f3b74a4
NEW
1473091351 [0]
none [0]
ASM:Graph
none:none
tElock|
Armadillo|
lines=75
embedded dns
lines=90
trace
trace
T:23:53:00 WinXP 62.63.208.127 (TYFON.SE):
TYFON SVENSKA AB,
SE.
n/a :moscow-advokat.ru 445 pcap raw alerts
ruleset
other
0 lines
Yeah : 0.8
profile
none summary
tarball
29 of 29 d175bad0e6
NEW
none[0] ASM:Graph
tElock| lines=81
embedded dns
trace